Tea tree oil, a vibrant source of neuroprotection via neuroinflammation inhibition: a critical insight into repurposing Melaleuca alternifolia by unfolding its characteristics / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Over the past few decades, complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide. The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage. One such product is tea tree oil (TTO), a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant, Melaleuca alternifolia, which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections. Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported. This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential. An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases, such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, Frontiers, and Taylor & Francis. Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only, the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement. In addition, the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified, and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection. Therefore, this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.

Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus microcorys Essential Oils: in vitro Modulation of Hemostasis and Genotoxic Activity

Abstract The genus Eucalyptus present high content of essential oil (EO). This study evaluated the pharmacological properties of Eucalyptus grandis (EG) and Eucalyptus microcorys (EM) EOs. The major component in both EOs was 1,8-Cineole. Both essential oils prevented thrombus dissolution and reduced clotting, hemolysis, and genotoxicity induced by snake venoms. 50% (EM) and 73% (EG) were the greatest inhibitions obtained in the thrombolytic assay - thrombolysis induced by B. moojeni venom. Increases in clotting time were also observed, with values considered significant between 10-27 seconds. Lysis values 50% lower than the negative control were observed in both EOs. The EOs also protected fibrinogenolysis induced by snake venom. EM EO was more effective in reducing venom-induced DNA fragmentation in the comet assay, with arbitrary unit values 66.15% lower than the positive control. These oils present wide application potential considering the pharmacological properties observed in this study.

Methyl Eugenol, 1,8-Cineole and Nerolidol Rich Essential Oils with their Biological Activities from three Melaleuca Species Growing in Tarai Region of North India

Abstract The essential oils from the fresh leaves of three Melalecua spp. viz; Melaleuca leucadendron (L.) Melaleuca linariifolia Sm. and Melaleuca bracteata F. Muell. growing in Tarai region of North India were analyzed by a combination of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The analysis revealed the presence of several constituents of industrial and pharmacological importance. M. leucadendron essential oil was found to be dominated by E-nerolidol (85.7%) rich chemotype. 1,8-cineole (61.1%) along with significant presence of α-terpineol (12.3%), α-pinene (4.0%), β-myrcene (3.8%), and E-caryophyllene (1.7%) were identified in the essential oil from M. linariifolia Similarly M. bracteata was dominated by the presence of phenylpropanoids viz; methyl eugenol (74.8%) and methyl cinnamate (8.0%). The essential oils were studied for their in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potential. All the oils revealed potential antioxidant activity with maximum in M. bracteata essential oil. All the oils exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,Salmonella typhimurium and anti-fungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Exserohilum turcicum and Curvularia lunata. The observations from present study suggest further cultivation of Melaleucas and its commercialization as industrial crops.

Preparation, quality evaluation and cell uptake of 1,8-cineole self-microemulsion drug delivery system / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the formulation of 1,8-cineole self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (1,8-Cin-SMEDDS), characterize it and investigate its cell uptake. Methods: By drawing pseudo-ternary phase diagram, the effective self-emulsifying region of 1,8-Cin-SMEDDS was determined, and the preliminary prescription was screened. Taking the particle size and drug loading as the index, the central composite design-response surface method was used to optimize and verify the prescription. Fluorescence microscope was used to observe the uptake of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) injured by high glucose. Results: The results showed that the best prescription of 1,8-Cin-SMEDDS was a mixture of soybean oil (7.5%) and 1,8-Cin (22.5%), HS15 (56%) as emulsifier, ethanol (14%) as co-emulsifier, and dripping pure water to 8 mL to obtain a translucent slightly bluish emulsion. The appearance of spherical droplets was observed by transmission electron microscope, and the average particle size and Zeta potential measured by laser particle size Zeta tester was (131.68 ± 1.44) nm and (-10.03 ± 1.63) mV, respectively; The entrapment efficiency estimated by HPLC was (99.890 ± 0.012)%, and the drug loading was (224.750 ± 0.028) mg/g. The results of HUVEC cell uptake assay showed that the uptake of 1,8-Cin-SMEDDS by cells was higher than that of free 1,8-Cin. Conclusion: The preparation method of 1,8-Cin-SMEDDS is simple and reproducible. The obtained method has good appearance, high entrapment efficiency, stable physical, and chemical properties, which can also promote cell uptake.

Bioinsecticide potential of Curcuma zedoaria rhizome essential oil / Potencial bioinseticida do óleo essencial dos rizom as de curcuma zedoaria

In this study the potential bioinseticide of the essential oil (OE) extracted from the rhizomes of the species Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae) was evaluated. The rhizomes were collected during dormancy (winter) and budding (summer). The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation (2h) and identified by GC/MS. In addition, a multivariate exploratory analysis was done to determine the analysis of the major compounds (PCA). The EO yield in dormancy was 0.61± 0.07 (%) and in budding 0.55 ± 0.08 (%). The bioassays on Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae were done by immersion test at different EO concentrations which ranged from 500.00 to 0.003 mg mL-1 (v/v). The results on the larvae and pupae indicated LC99.9 of (0.01 and 1.38 mg mL-1) for EO in dormancy, and (0.08 and 2.63 mg mL-1) for EO during budding, respectively. The action mechanism of EOs in both periods was determined by autobiographic method evaluating the inhibitory potential on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, indicating greater inhibition of the EO enzyme during dormancy (0.039 mg mL-1) when compared to the EO during budding (0.156 mg mL-1). The projection representation of the EO chemical classes in both evaluated periods indicated that oxygenated sesquiterpenes are the major compound class (46.99% in dormancy) and (43.59% in budding). The projection of major chemical compounds of EOs presented three compounds with greater mass flow distancing: epicurzerenone (18.20% and 12.10%); 1.8 cineole (15.76% and 12.10%) and ß-elemene (4.43 and 0.01%) that are found in greater amounts in the dormancy EO when compared to budding, respectively. These results corroborate with the greater potential on Ae. aegypti larvae and pupae found for the dormancy EO. The results are promising because they show in which vegetative cycle phase C. zedoaria EO presents greater bioinsecticidepotential.

Neste trabalho foi avaliado o potencial bioinseticida do óleo essencial (OE) extraído dos rizomas da espécie Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae), coletados no período de dormência (inverno) e brotação das gemas (verão). O OE foi obtido por hidrodestilação (2h) e identificado por CG/EM foi observado rendimento 0,61 ± 0,07 (%) no óleo da dormência, quando comparado no período de brotação 0,55 ± 0,08 (%). Os bioensaios sobre as larvas e pupas de Aedes aegypti foram realizados pelo teste de imersão em diferentes concentrações dos OEs, que variaram de 500,00 a 0,003 mg mL-1 (v/v). Os resultados sobre as larvas e pupas indicaram uma CL99,9 de (0,01 e 1,38 mg mL-1) para o OE da dormência, e (0,08 e 2,63 mg mL-1) para o OE do período de brotação, respectivamente. Indicando maior atividade do OE da dormência. O mecanismo de ação dos OEs nos dois períodos foi determinado pelo método autobiográfico avaliando o potencial inibitório sobre a enzima acetilcolinesterase. Os resultados indicaram maior inibição da enzima do OE no período de dormência (0,039 mg mL-1), quando comparado ao OE de brotação (0,156 mg mL-1). A análise química destacou três compostos: epicurzerenone (18,20% e 12,10%) e 1,8 cineol (15,76% e 14,05%) e ß- elemeno (4,43 e 0,01%) em maior quantidade no período de dormência quando comparado ao período de brotação, respectivamente. Esta diferença pode explicar a maior ação inseticida do OE de dormência sobre as larvas e pupas do Ae. aegypti. Os resultados são promissores, pois estabelece em qual período do ciclo vegetativo o OE da C. zedoaria apresenta maior potencial bioinseticida.

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Evaluation of the Essential Oil of Croatian Salvia brachyodon Vandas

Backgraund: This study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical profile and the antimicrobial potential of the essential oil of Salvia brachyodon Vandas growing wild in Croatia. Short tooth sage (S. brachyodon Vandas),an endemic species that grows in the south east areas of the Adriatic coast in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. It is a perennial plant that grows up to 70-80 cm in height and flowers from July to September. Methodology: The phytochemical components of the essential oil were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against a panel of representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. The antimicrobial activities of the oil against pathogenic microorganisms were determined by using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Results: From the thirty-eight identified constituents representing 95.7% of the oil, 1,8-cineole (16.7%), β-pinene (19.7%) and α-pinene (7.6%), were the major components. The levels of oxygenated monoterpenes such as camphor (5.6%), borneol (4.2%), myrtenol (2.4 %) and terpinen-4-ol were significant. Other important compounds were sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons β-caryophyllene (6.6%), α-humulene (4.9%), viridiflorol (3.0%), spathulenol (2.9%) and aromadendrene. Preliminary antimicrobial screening revealed that the oil exhibited a very interesting antimicrobial profile. The oil exhibited moderate in vitro antibacterial activity after it was tested against twenty pathogenic bacteria and fungal strains, but high antimicrobial activity observed against medically important pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans. Conclusion: Results presented here may suggest that the essential oil of S. brachyodon possess antimicrobial properties, and is, therefore, a potential source of antimicrobial ingredient in food and pharmaceutical industry. The obtained results are preliminary and a further research is needed in order to obtain information regarding the practical effectiveness of essential oil to prevent the growth of foodborne and spoilage microbes under specific application conditions.

Beneficial Effects of Eucalyptol in the Pathophysiological Changes of the Respiratory System: A Proposal for Alternative Pharmacological Therapy for Individuals with COPD

It is estimated that there will be an increase in the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the coming decades. Thus, the pharmacological attributes of products of plant origin should be considered as an important economic and scientific strategy in the investigation of therapeutic alternatives, since their experimental validations are indispensable to substantiate the reliability of these products in the treatment of chronic diseases. Like biologically active compounds, Eucalyptol, also known as 1,8- cineole, is the major constituent of the leaf oil of eucalyptus species, such as Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus tereticornis. It is a terpenoid oxide, free of steroid-like side effects. This study is based on a review of the specialised literature with purpose to discuss the biological effects of Eucalyptol in the respiratory system and its interaction with some of the most promising targets in the treatment of COPD, such as: receivers and membrane channels, oxidative stress, transcription and expression of cytokines, cell adhesion molecules and neutrophil chemotaxis, proteases and remodeling.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Vitex agnus-castus L. (Lamiaceae)

ABSTRACT Abnormal multiplication of oral bacteria causes dental caries and dental plaque. These diseases continue to be major public health concerns worldwide, mainly in developing countries. In this study, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Vitex agnus-castus leaves (VAC‒EO) collected in the North of Brazil against a representative panel of cariogenic bacteria were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of VAC-EO was evaluated in terms of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by using the broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates. The chemical constituents of VAC-EO were identified by gas chromatography (GC‒FID) and gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS). VAC‒EO displayed some activity against all the investigated oral pathogens; MIC values ranged from 15.6 to 200 μg/mL. VAC-EO had promising activity against Streptococcus mutans (MIC= 15.6 μg/mL), Lactobacillus casei (MIC= 15.6 μg/mL), and Streptococcus mitis (MIC= 31.2 μg/mL). The compounds 1,8-cineole (23.8%), (E)-β-farnesene (14.6%), (E)-caryophyllene (12.5%), sabinene (11.4%), and α-terpinyl acetate (7.7%) were the major chemical constituents of VAC‒EO. VAC-EO displays antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. The efficacy of VAC-EO against S. mutans is noteworthy and should be further investigated.

Study on peel components and juice quality of three mandarin hybrids (Citrus reticulata) on sour orange rootstock cultivated in Ramsar, Iran / Estudio sobre los componentes de la cáscara y la calidad del jugo de tres híbridos de mandarina (Citrus reticulata) en patrones de naranja agria cultivados en Ramsar, Irán

The peel components and juice quality of three mandarin hybrids were investigated in this study. Peel components were extracted using the cold-press method and analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. Total soluble solids, total acid, pH value, ascorbic acid as well as density were determined in juice obtained from mandarin hybrids. Twenty-six, thirty-five and nineteen peel components were identified in Fortune, Robinson and Osceola respectively including: aldehydes, alcohols, esters, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and other components. The major components were limonene, γ-terpinene, (E)-ß-ocimene, ß-myrcene, sabinene, linalool and α-Pinene. Among the three scions examined, Fortune showed the highest content of aldehydes and Robinson showed the highest content of TSS. This study shows that scion has a profound influence on aldehyd and TSS that are important to quality improvement.

Los componentes de la cáscara y la calidad del jugo de tres híbridos de mandarina fueron investigados en este estudio. Los componentes de la cáscara fueron extraídos por el método de prensado en frío y se analizaron mediante GC-FID y GC-MS. el total de sólidos solubles, acidez total, pH, ácido ascórbico, así como la densidad se determinaron en el jugo obtenido a partir de híbridos de mandarina. Veintiséis, treinta y cinco y diecinueve componentes de la cáscara de Fortuna, Robinson y Osceola respectivamente fueron identificados, incluyendo: aldehídos, alcoholes, ésteres, monoterpenos, sesquiterpenos y otros componentes. Los componentes principales eran limoneno, γ-terpineno, (E) -ß-ocimeno, ß-mirceno, sabineno, linalool y α-pineno. Entre los tres vástagos examinados, Fortune mostró el mayor contenido de aldehídos y Robinson mostró el mayor contenido de SST. Este estudio muestra que el vástago tiene una profunda influencia en aldehído y SST que son importantes para mejorar la calidad.

Chemical composition and seasonal variability of the essential oils of leaves and morphological analysis of Hyptis carpinifolia

ABSTRACT Hyptis carpinifolia Benth., Lamiaceae, is a species known popularly as "rosmaninho" and "mata-pasto", and leaves are employed in Brazilian folk medicine to treat colds, flu, and rheumatism. The aim of this study was to perform a morphological description of H. carpinifolia and to evaluate the seasonal chemical variability of the leaf essential oils during 12 months. Macroscopic characterization of H. carpinifolia was carried out with the naked eye and with a stereoscopic microscope. Essential oils were isolated from leaves by hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Major compounds were found to be 1,8-cineole (39.6-61.8%), trans-cadina-1(6),4-diene (2.8-17.5%), β-caryophyllene (4.4-10.0%), prenopsan-8-ol (4.2-9.6%) and β-pinene (2.9-5.3%). Results of essential oils compositions were processed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Data showed high variability in the concentration of the components. Besides, there was a seasonal variability of chemical composition, probably related mainly to the rainfall regime.

Antibacterial activity of essential oils of aloysia polystachya and lippia turbinata (Verbenaceae) / Actividad antibacteriana de los aceites esenciales de aloysia polystachya y lippia turbinata (Verbenaceae)

Aloysia polystachya and Lippia turbinata are medicinal and aromatic plants. Nevertheless, there are few reports in literature concerning the biological properties of species that grow in northeastern Argentina. The antibacterial activity and the chemical composition of both essential oils were evaluated in this work. The extraction was performed by steam distillation and their volatile compounds were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion and broth microdilution assay. The main compounds were carvone (78.9 percent) and limonene (14.2 percent) in A. polystachya and carvone (80.77 percent), limonene (8.73 percent), beta- caryophyllene (2.13 percent) and 1,8-cineole (1.70 percent) in L. turbinata. Both essential oils were bactericide against Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Essential oil of A. polystachya was also bactericide against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29212, S. aureus ATCC 25923 and clinical strain of S. aureus methicillin susceptible.

Aloysia polystachya y Lippia turbinata son plantas medicinales y aromáticas. Hay pocos informes en la literatura sobre las propiedades biológicas de especies que crecen en el nordeste de Argentina. La actividad antibacteriana y la composición química de ambas especies se evaluaron en este trabajo. La extracción se realizó por destilación con vapor y sus compuestos se determinaron por cromatografía gaseosa/espectrometría de masa. La actividad antibacteriana fue evaluada por difusión en discos y microdilución en caldo. Los principales compuestos fueron carvona (78.9 por ciento) y limoneno (14.2 por ciento) en A. polystachya y carvona (80.77 por ciento), limoneno (8.73 por ciento), beta-cariofileno (2.13 por ciento) y 1,8-cineol (1.70 por ciento) en L. turbinata. Ambos aceites esenciales fueron activos contra Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 y aislamientos clínicos de Enterobacter cloacae y Klebsiella pneumoniae. El aceite esencial de A. polystachya fue bactericida contra Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29212, S. aureus ATCC 25923 y aislamientos clínicos de S. aureus sensible a meticilina.

Essential oils and major compounds of Hedychium coronarium Koenig (Zingiberaceae) against pathogenic yeast of Candida and Cryptococcus genus / Óleos essenciais e compostos majoritários de Hedychium coronarium Koenig (Zingiberaceae) contra leveduras patogênicas dos gêneros Candida e Cryptococcus

Among the major causative agents of invasive fungal infections stands out the opportunistic yeasts of Candida and Cryptococcus. Regarding the problem of the high incidence of infections by these agents and the difculty of treating the low stockpile of antifungal drugs and the high toxicity of most therapies, the search for new antifungal compounds has been highlighted in recent decades. Hedychium coronarium, popularly known as "lírio-do-brejo" or "gengibre-branco" features several previously reported biological activities, including antimicrobial activity. Compound 1.8-cineole is the major compound in essential oil extracted from roots of H. coronarium, while caryophyllene oxide presents itself as the major in essential oil extracted from leaves of this plant. Our data show strong antifungal activity of compounds, against species of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, with minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal fungicidal concentration equal to 0.2 % (v/v) for essential oil extracted from roots, while the essential oil extracted from leaves showed no activity against yeasts. The caryophyllene oxide showed higher antifungal activity for Cryptococcus spp. Thus, our results showed that the essential oil of rhizome is a promising antifungal agent against pathogenic yeasts.(AU)

Candida spp e Cryptococcus spp estão classifcadas entre os maiores causadores de infecções fúngicas invasivas em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Diante a alta incidência destas infecções por estes agentes e a difculdade do sucesso no tratamento, decorrente do baixo arsenal de fármacos antifúngicos e da alta toxicidade presente na maioria dos esquemas terapêuticos, a busca por novos compostos antifúngicos tem sido alvo de diversos estudos nas últimas décadas. Hedychium coronarium, popularmente conhecido como "lírio-do-brejo" ou "gengibre-branco", apresenta diversas atividades biológicas já descritas, entre elas a atividade antimicrobiana. O composto 1.8-Cineol é o composto majoritário presente no óleo essencial extraído de raízes de H. coronarium e o composto óxido de cariofleno é o composto majoritário extraído das folhas desta planta. Nossos resultados mostram que os compostos extraídos de H. coronarium apresentam forte atividade contra Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Cryptococcus neoformans e Cryptococcus gattii, com valores de concentração inibitória minima e concentração fungicida minima igual a 0,2 % (v/v) para o óleo essencial extraído das raízes, enquanto que o óleo essencial extraído das folhas, não mostrou atividade contras as leveduras. O composto óxido de cariofleno mostrou maior atividade antifúngica para Crytopcoccus spp. Assim, nossos dados mostraram que o óleo essencial extraído das raízes de H. coronarium, é um agente antifúngico promissor contra leveduras patogênicas.(AU)

Composition of the essential oil from leaves of Smallanthus quichensis (Asteraceae) from Costa Rica / Composición química del aceite esencial de las hojas de Smallanthus quichensis (Asteraceae) de Costa Rica

Smallanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the Asteraceae family, which has about 24 species, ranging mostly from southern Mexico and Central America to the Andes in South America. The aim of the present study was to identify the chemical composition of leaf essential oil of S. quichensis, growing wild in Costa Rica. The extraction of the oils was carried out by the hydrodistillation method, using a modified Clevenger type apparatus. The chemical composition of the oils was analyzed by capillary GC-FID and GC-MS using the retention indices on DB-5 type capillary column. A total of 100 compounds were identified, accounting for about 90 percent of the total amount of the oils. Smallanthus quichensis leaf produced a monoterpenoid-rich oil, whose composition was dominated by αlfa-pinene (64.5 percent) and 1,8-cineole (9.7 percent) or, in a different sample, by αlfa-pinene (35.5 percent) with moderate amounts of p-cymene (11.5 percent), beta-phellandrene (9.2 percent), alfa-phellandrene (9.0 percent) and limonene (5.8 percent). This is the first report of the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from this plant species.

Smallanthus es un género de plantas perteneciente a la familia Asteraceae que contiene aproximadamente 24 especies, la mayoría ubicadas desde el sur de México, América Central y hasta la cordillera de los Andes en América del Sur. El objetivo del presente estudio fue el de identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de las hojas de S. quichensis. La extracción se realizó mediante el método de hidrodestilación, empleando un instrumento de tipo Clevenger. Se analizó la composición de los aceites mediante CG-FID y CG-EM, utilizando índices de retención obtenidos en una columna capilar tipo DB-5. Se identificaron 100 compuestos, correspondientes a un 90 por ciento de los constituyentes totales. Los aceites están constituidos principalmente por monoterpenoides (ca. 85 por ciento). Los componentes mayoritarios se identificaron como alfa-pineno (64.5 por ciento), acompañado por 1,8-cineol (9.7 por ciento) o, en otra muestra distinta, αlfa-pineno (35.5 por ciento) junto a cantidades moderadas de p-cimeno (11.5 por ciento), beta-felandreno (9.2 por ciento), alfa-felandreno (9.0 por ciento) y limoneno (5.8 por ciento). Este es el primer informe acerca de la composición química de aceites esenciales obtenidos de S. quichensis.

Hydroxylation of 1,8-cineole by Mucor ramannianus and Aspergillus niger

The monoterpenoid 1,8-cineole is obtained from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus and it has important biological activities. It is a cheap natural substrate because it is a by-product of the Eucalyptus cultivation for wood and pulp production. In this study, it was evaluated the potential of three filamentous fungi in the biotransformation of 1,8-cineole. The study was divided in two steps: first, reactions were carried out with 1,8-cineole at 1 g/L for 24 h; afterwards, reactions were carried out with substrate at 5 g/L for 5 days. The substrate was hydroxylated into 2-exo-hydroxy-1,8-cineole and 3-exo-hydroxy-1,8-cineole by fungi Mucor ramannianus and Aspergillus niger with high stereoselectivity. Trichoderma harzianum was also tested but no transformation was detected. M. ramannianus led to higher than 99% of conversion within 24 h with a starting high substrate concentration (1 g/L). When substrate was added at 5 g/L, only M. ramannianus was able to catalyze the reaction, but the conversion level was 21.7% after 5 days. Both products have defined stereochemistry and could be used as chiral synthons. Furthermore, biological activity has been described for 3-exo-hydroxy-1,8-cineol. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of M. ramannianus in this reaction.

GC-MS Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil Isolated from Wild Artemisia herba-alba Grown in South Jorda.

Background: There is a high variability in chemical composition of essential oil from Artemisia herba-alba grown in different countries and different localities in the same country. This has led to the characterization of many oil-dependent chemotypes assigned to the plant. Only one report was published on the essential oil composition of Artemisia herba-alba grown in Jordan. Aim: The current study aims to determines the essential oil composition of Artemisia herba-alba grown wild in south Jordan and test their activity against clinical isolate antibiotics resistant bacteria. Methodology: The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The screening for essential oil activity was carried out using disc diffusion method on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results: Fifty-eight components accounting for 98.8% of the oil were identified, with oxygenated monoterpenes accounting for about 75% of the total oil content. Major identified compounds were cis-chrysanthenol (13.83%), 1,8-cineole (12.84%), cis-limonene (12.57%), α-terpinenol (6.97%), and γ-muurolene (4.50%). The volatile fractions exhibited potent activity against all resistant strains except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: We report here a new chemotype of Artemisia herba-alba grown in Jordan characterized by the presence of chrysanthenol, 1, 8-cineole, cis-limonene, and α-terpinenol.

Chemical composition and efficacy in the egg-hatching inhibition of essential oil of Piper aduncum against Haemonchus contortus from sheep

Piper aduncum L., Piperaceae, has been used to treat mainly inflammatory diseases and has shown several biological activities such as insecticidal and larvicidal. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of essential oil of P. aduncum and its efficacy to egg-hatching inhibition of Haemonchus contortus from sheep. The essential oil was obtained from leaves and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. It was possible to characterize 22 different substances, among them monoterpenes (80.6%) and sesquiterpenes (13.9%). The major compound was identified as 1,8-cineole (55.8%). Eggs of the nematode were exposed to four concentrations of the essential oil. Levamisole phosphate was used as positive control. The essential oil showed to be effective in inhibiting H. contortus hatchability and the LC90 was calculated as 8.9 mg.ml-1. These results can point out the P. aduncum essential oil and its chemical components as potential alternative to control of H. contortus .

Chemical Composition and Locomotors Activity of Essential Oils from the Rhizome, Stem, and Leaf of Alpinia malaccencis (Burm F.) of Indonesian Spices.

The essential oils of three parts of the plant Alpinia malaccencis (Burm f.) (Zingiberaceae) collected from Sumedang, West Java Province has been studied. Determination of essential oil components from the rhizome, stem, and leaf of Alpinia malaccencis (Burm f.) was performed by confirmation of the linear retention index (LRI) and comparing the NIST library peak with data reported in the literature, the mass spectrum peaks with literature data. The essential oils obtained from rhizome, stem, and leaf of Alpinia malaccencis (Burm f.) by steam distillation was 1.22%, 0.25%, and 0.7%, (w/w), respectively. Rhizome oil composition was almost similar with stem oil with methyl cinnamate as the major component. Composition of leaf oil is different from rhizome and stem oil which dominated α-pinene (30.57%). The rhizome in doses 0.1 ml (47.09 %) had stronger locomotor inhibition activity compare than stem (26.97 %) and leaf oils (32.23 %) in doses 0.1 mL.

Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of myrtle leaves against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Myrtus communis (M.communis Methods: Wild populations of M. communis collected from Khuzestan and Lorestan provinces, Southwest Iran, were examined for antibacterial activity and chemical variability in leaves. Thein vitro antibacterial activity against E. rhusiopathiae was performed by agar disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays.Results:) L. against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) in vitro. in both assays. The results showed that the major components of the oil were α-pinene (22.3%-55.2%), 1,8-cineole (8.7%-43.8%) and linalool (6.4%-14.5%). The inhibition zones and MIC values for bacteria which were sensitive to the essential oils of M. communis were in the range of 14.7-27.0 mm and 0.031-0.25 mg/mL, respectively.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that products with valuable antibacterial activity can be The essential oils of M. communis have strong antibacterial against E. rhusiopathiae produced from leaves of M. communis against E. rhusiopathiae.

Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of myrtle leaves against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Myrtus communis (M. communis) L. against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Wild populations of M. communis collected from Khuzestan and Lorestan provinces, Southwest Iran, were examined for antibacterial activity and chemical variability in leaves. The in vitro antibacterial activity against E. rhusiopathiae was performed by agar disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The essential oils of M. communis have strong antibacterial against E. rhusiopathiae in both assays. The results showed that the major components of the oil were α-pinene (22.3%-55.2%), 1,8-cineole (8.7%-43.8%) and linalool (6.4%-14.5%). The inhibition zones and MIC values for bacteria which were sensitive to the essential oils of M. communis were in the range of 14.7-27.0 mm and 0.031-0.25 mg/mL, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study demonstrates that products with valuable antibacterial activity can be produced from leaves of M. communis against E. rhusiopathiae.</p>

Essential oil compositions, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of various populations of Artemisia chamaemelifolia at two phenological stages

Artemisia chamaemelifolia Vill., Asteraceae, has been used as an antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antitumor. This study determined the variation in chemical composition, and antibacterial and antioxidant activity of A. chamaemelifolia collected at two phenological stages within five natural habitats in northern Iran.The highest oil yield was obtained from the Shahkoh population with 1.10 ml/100g dry matter harvested at the 50% flowering stage. The highest values of 1,8-cineole (31.82%) was obtained from the Pelor population at the 50% flowering stage.The highest percentages of artemisia ketone (12.27%), camphor (17.21%), and borneol (13.50%) were obtained from the Kandovan population, harvested before flowering. The highest content of chrysanthenone (18.14%) was obtained from the Gadok population before flowering. The essential oil of the Kandovan population harvested at the 50% flowering stage had the highest percentages of Davanone D (28.44%) and Davanone (28.88%). The A. chamaemelifolia oils inhibited the growth of four bacterial pathogens, while these same oils exhibit weak antioxidant (DPPH) activity. The results indicated A. chamaemelifolia contained three chemotypes: 1,8-cineole, davanone and/or Davanone D, and chrysanthenone. The antibacterial properties of the essential oils obtained from various populations of A. chamaemelifolia at two phenological stages may be significant from a pharmaceutical stand point.